Makassar is capital city of South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. This city has some interesting places, excotic islands, beautiful beach, atractive art and culture, many kinds of entertainment, and delicious foods. Makassar is also a gateway to other famous places in Sulawesi like Tana Toraja, Takabonerate Marine Park, Bunaken Marine Park, and Wakatobi Marine Park.
TRADITION of Gowa Kingdom that still been held until now is the cleansing of kingdom legacy inheritance. The cleansing is done with a traditional ceremony called Accera Kalompoang. Inheritance properties are very rare, perhaps even the only one in the world.
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TRADITIONAL houses in South Sulawesi has unique architecture. Made of high quality wood that can survive very long time. However, the traditional houses at this time are rarely found. South Sulawesi Miniatur Park stores various types of traditional house in South Sulawesi.
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ENGLISH scientist, Alfred William Wallace, stated, the Somba Opu is strongest fortress that ever built by the citizen of Indonesian archipelago (nusantara). This fort is the witness of Sultan Hasanuddin and his people's persistance to maintain the sovereignty of their country.
This article has been moved to this place...History of Somba Opu Fortress
The development of Somba Opu Fortress strated in 1525 when Gowa Kingdom was led by Tumapa'risi Kallona (1510-1546), the nineth king. This fortress was first built with clay. Became a capital of Gowa Kingdom. Inside the fortress was built a palace of king, patrician houses, houses of the officers, and trade center.
At that time, the area where Somba Opu Fortress stand (Makassar), was became one of the largest seaport city in Asia, which controled the trade in Asia and Pacific region. Great port of Makassar became an international hub by phinisi ships and boats from the Arab foreign trade, and China.
When Gowa Kingdom led by I Manriwagau Daeng Bonto Karaeng Lakiung Tunipalangga Ulaweng (1546-1565), the tenth king, the wall of Somba Opu Fortres was changed the appearance to bricks. The glue betwen bricks was not cement but egg white.Since that time, Somba Opu became a very strong fortress.
Meanwhile, in 1596 the Netherlands explorer under leadership of Cornelis de Houtman arrived in Port of Port, western Java. Six years later, the VOC (Verenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie) or the Netherland company on east India, was established. The company begun to trade to Sulawesi in 1607. In 1615, VOC ask trade monopoly. But the Sultan of Gowa rejected.
Makassar War happened from 1655 to 1669. At that time, Gowa Kingdom was led by Mallombassi Daeng Mattawang Karaeng Bonto Mangappe or Sultan Hasanuddin. The Netherland company compeled to monopoly the archipelago trading point. But Sultan Hasanuddin rejected the aggression than arouse fierce resistance.
Entering the midle of 1669, Gowa troops surrounded inside the wall and completely against from the fortress. Fortress can not be seized by the Dutch troops. Cannon ball that shoot by the Dutch was not able to brooke the walls. However, total isolation and blockade against the Somba Opu fortress eventually make the Gowa troops weak.
In Friday, June 24, 1669, thousands of people threatened by death inside the fortress. Sultan Hasanuddin forced to accept the surrender option by signing an agreement in Bungaya. It is an area in northern of the fortress. So that was called Bungaya Agreement. Contents of the agreement were emphasize the monopoly rights of the Netherlands company
After the agreement, all indigenous people were chased away from Makassar. Many peoples were also sentenced to death. Since that year, Gowa were entering to the colonialism era, followed the other areas in the archipelago which has first fallen under the Netherlands power.
After the defeat of Gowa, Netherlands troops destroyed Somba Opu. Ruins of the fortress was found by some archeologists in the 1980s. Walls buried in the soil. In general, condition of the fortress was worst. In 1990, the Indonesian government decided to excavate some parts of that walls.(*)
Referrence
www.depdagri.go.id
www.indonesia.go.id
www.kompas.com
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TAMALATE Palace and Balla Lompoa is the remnant Palace of the Kingdom of Gowa, which now function as a museum. In the museum, stored some relics and inheritance of the Kingdom of Gowa in the golden era.
This article has been moved to this place...History of Gowa Kingdom
Gowa Kingdom stood at the beginning of 14th century, around the year 1300. The first king was a woman named Tumanurung (1320-1345). Since its establishment, the capital of Gowa Kingdom was located in Takabasia Hill then changed the name to Tamalate. In that place Tamalate Palace was built.
Tamalate become capital until the 8th king, I Pakere Tau Tunijallo Ri Pasukki (1460-1510). Than the 9th king, Daeng Matanre Karaeng Mangnguntungi or Tumapa'risi Kallona (1510-1546) built Somba Opu Fortress and moved the capital from Tamalate to the fortress.
But in 1667, The Somba Opu destroyed by the Netherlands following the defeat of Gowa troops under the leadership of King I Mallombassi Daeng Mattawang Karaeng Bonto Mangappe or Sultan Hasanuddin (1653-1669). Since that time, the Kingdom of Gowa lose.
Kings of Gowa afterwards does not have a good palace. Even the 29th King, Andi Makkulau, make his house as a palace. Many property of Gowa Kingdom lost. But some can be saved than stored in Makkulau's home.
Then in 1936, the Kingdom of Gowa build a palace any more in Sungguminasa. That was Balla Lompoa. This palace was built when the 31th king, I Mangngi-mangngi Daeng Matutu, was reign and was stayed until the King of Gowa XXXII, A Idjo Daeng Mattawang Karaeng Lalolang or Sultan Muhammad Kadir Aidir.
In 1945 the Republic of Indonesia established. The era of kingdom in the archipelago ended. All regions of Gowa Kingdom also officially gathered into the territory of Indonesia. No longer the King of Gowa after Sultan Muhammad Kadir Aidir. His son, Andi Kumala Idjo, is only a prince and never become king until now.(*)
Refference
www.kompas.com
www.budaya.sulsel.go.id
Photo Source
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THE mosque was named Al Hilal, one of the many traces of spread of Islam religion in South Sulawesi, especially in the Sultanate of Gowa. Dispite had four centuries years old, the mosque is still firmly standing.
This article has been moved to this place...History of Katangka Mosque
Historians have not concurred yet on the development of Al-Hilal Mosque. Some of the historians thought, the mosque was built at 1603 or five years before Islam became the official religion of the Kingdom of Gowa. Other historians said the mosque was a work of 18th century.
However, there are not much historical records of this mosque. The stories about the development of mosque spoke from mouth to mouth, mainly by the preserver of the mosque who inherit it stories from a preservers before him.
If properly built in 1903, it should have a linkages with the spread of Islam in the region of Gowa Sultanate. The preserver said, the founder of the Mosque was Dato Abdul Makmur, a theologian from Minangkabau (west Sumatera). Dato Abdul Makmur was called Doto Ri Bandang or Daeng Bandang.
The mosque was established when Gowa Kingdom led by I Mangngarangi Daeng Manrabia, the 14th king. After he embraced Islam he was called Sultan Alauddin. He was the grandfather of Sultan Hasanuddin. Katangka is the name of a big tree that established before the mosque often used as a place to pray by Moslem merchant from Malay, Indian, and Arab.(*)
Refference
www.kompas.com
www.republika.com
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SULTAN Hasanuddin is one of many Gowa King that experienced most bitter era. At the time, Gowa was subdued in the occupation of the Dutch colonial. He spent all his life to fight. His body lied in Katangka.
This article has been moved to this place...HISTORY OF SULTAN HASANUDDIN
Sultan Hasanuddin (1631-1670) is the 16th King of Gowa. He experienced a bitter time in the history of the Kingdom of Gowa to be subdued because of the Dutch monopoly trade in the interests of VOC. However, because of his courage, Sultan Hasanuddin called de haantjes van het oosten (rooster from the east).
He was born on January 11, 1631 in the kingdom sphere. His inborn name was I Mallombasi Muhammad Bakir Daeng Mattawang Karaeng Bonto Mangeppe. He replaced his father, Sultan Malikussaid, as King of Gowa in the age of 18 years old and called Sultan Hasanuddin.
When Sultan Hasanuddin reign, VOC are conquering kingdoms in Indonesia archipelago. Gowa had big port controled trading routes. Netherlands combines the strength of small kingdoms to subdue Gowa. Take advantage of rivalry among kingdoms, including among Gowa and Bone Kingdom in northern peninsula.
Makassar war uproar in 1655 until 1669. The city is difficult to be penetrated from the sea as protected by the 17 fortress. But entering the mid-year of 1669, the Gowa army squeezed. Attacked from sea by the Dutch troops under the command of Cornelis Speelman and attacked by Bone troops led by Aru Palaka from land.
Sultan Hasanuddin against from Somba Opu Fortress. Because of the total isolation towards the fortress, thousands of people threatened to die. He was also forced to accept the option of Bungaya Agreement signed on November 18, 1667. From 29 articles, all emphasized the only VOC monopoly.
In 1669, Sultan Hasanuddin resigned and submitted the throne to his son, I Mappasomba Daeng Nguraga Tumenanga Ri Allu called Sultan Amir Hamzah. Then he made war together with his people, fight against the Netherlands with the slogan, "Die is better than colonize by other people.”
Sultan Hasanuddin died on June 12, 1670 after suffering placenta. His body in Tinggimae Hill located on the former Palace of Tamalate, the first capital of Gowa Kingdom.(*)
Sources:
www.budaya.sulsel.go.id
www.indonesia.go.id
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SYEH Yusuf was a multi-race combatant, multi country, and persevere Islamic religious leader. The grave has an old character. Uniquely, Syeh Yusuf's tomb in Gowa is one of the five versions graves dispersed in three countries.
This article has been moved to this place...SHORT HISTORY OF SYEH YUSUF
Syeh Yusuf was born in Tallo (Makassar) on July 13, 1626 (Syawal 8, 1036 on Arabic calendar). His nickname was Muhammad Yusuf. His mother was Aminah, daughter of Gallarang, Moncongloe, Gowa Kingdom. While who his father, historians still controverting until now.
When he born, Islam has become the official religion in Sultanate of Gowa. Aminah came from a rabble Family. Little Yusuf’s live picked up when his mother married with Sultan Alauddin, 14th King of Gowa. He was getting religious education until adult and become a persistent proponent of Islam.
Yusuf was a smart teenager. Therefore, he became a teacher and had a lot of students. He was also an anti colonialism idealist. At that time, VOC (Verenidge Oost-Indische Compagnie) or the Dutch company in east India are monopolize the trading strips in the archipelago, including in Gowa. His voice was shrill against the Dutch.
When he was 18 years old he gone to pilgrimage. From Mecca, he was laying over in Banten (Western Java). He repeated his visit in 1672 and decided to fight with Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa, King of Banten, after his country shattered because of war against the VOC.
Syeh Yusuf still fighting even when Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa had been disabled. On December 14, 1683 he was then arrested in Sukapura, Tasikmalaya, West Java, and exiled to Batavia. September 1684, he was exiled again to Sri Lanka. Syeh Yusuf not cured, he still fighting against the Dutch in Sri Lanka. July 1993, with 49 followers he was removed along to South Africa.
Although far away from the land of birth, his activities still continue. He continued to teach Islam religion there. During six years in South Africa, he spent the rest of his life to teach about justice and peace. Together local people fight against colonialism.
Syeh Yusuf died on May 23, 1699 whwn he was 73 years old. Sultan Gowa and Sultan of Banten scrambled asked the Dutch to bury his body. On April 5, 1704, the chest bringing Syeh Yusuf’s bones arrived in Makassar and immediately buried in Lakiung, Gowa. But is it true Syeh Yusus who lie? Syeh Yusuf’s tombs also contained in Banten, Madura, Sri Lanka, and Cape Town. God Omniscient.
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TANA Toraja is identically with natural and cultural heritage. There are interesting megalithic culture. More...
TIP of South Sulawesi peninsula offers a very charming romantic place. That is Tanjung Bira Beach. More...
THIS is the largest indoor theme park in Asia. Have more than 20 games and equipped with facilities. More...
IT is the third largest coral atoll in the world. Coral reefs are healthy and beautiful. The place is also rich with marine fauna. More...
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